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AUTHOR 


KNAPP,  CHARLES 


TITLE: 


NOTES  ON  ETIAM  IN 
PLAUTUS 

PLACE: 

[NEW  YORK] 

DA  TE : 

[1911?] 


;• 


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Kriapp,    Charles. 

Notes   on    Etiam    in    Plau  tus^ir  microform] .  }:cBy   Charles   Knapp 

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MflNUFflCTURED   TO   PIIM   STPNOflRDS 
BY   fiPPLIED   IMPGE,     INC. 


Extracted  from    Transactiotis  of  the  American  Philological 

Association^  Vol.  XLi,  191 1. 


IX.  —  Notes  on  Edam  in  Plantus 

By  Professor  CHARLES  KNAPP 

COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY 

In  The  American  Journal  of  Philology,  xviii  (1897),  26-42, 
Professor  W.  H.  Kirk  published  an  article  on  etiam  in  Plau- 
tus  and  Terence.  In  this  he  (i)  advanced  a  new  etymology 
of  etiam,  and  (2),  helped  by  that  etymology,  gave  a  logical 
classification  of  the  meanings  of  the  word.  A  comparison  of 
the  paper  with  previous  notes  and  comments  will  show  how 
great  an  advance  Mr.  Kirk  had  made. 

However,  the  paper  is  imperfect  in  arrangement,  confused, 
and  hard  to  use.  This  is  true  especially  of  page  34,  in  the 
discussion  of  etiam  and  diim,  together  or  apart,  with  a  nega- 
tive word ;  some  passages  there  given  do  not  show  etiam  at 
all.  Mr.  Kirk  used  only  the  Triumvirate  text,  the  least  relia- 
ble of  the  important  texts  of  Plautus ;  he  gave  no  heed  to 
variant  readings.  He  misinterprets,  I  think,  some  passages 
and  frequently  does  not  sufficiently  defend  his  classification. 
Finally,  Mr.  Kirk's  paper  has  been  little  studied,  to  the  det- 
riment of  Plautine  and  Terentian  scholarship. ^ 

The  sources  of  the  present  paper  are  (i)  Mr.  Kirk's  article, 
(2)  special  studies  made  while  I  was  preparing  the  article 
etiam  for  Professor  Lodge's  Lexicon  Plantinum?  Its  merits 
will  lie,  it  is  hoped,  (i)  in  the  heed  given  to  text-variations, 
(2)  in  the  better  classification  and  arrangement,  (3)  in  the 
interpretation  of  individual  passages,  (4)  in  the  comments.^ 

1  For  errors  about  etiam  prior  to  1897  see  eg.  Palmer  on  Am.  i,  i,  215;  i, 
3,  46,  Gray  on  As.  677,  714,  Wagner  on  Au.  307,  Fabia  on  Ad.  550,  and  Mr.  Kirk, 
pp.  36-38.  For  defective  notes  since  1897  see  e.g.  Lindsay  (ed.  min.)  and  Elmer 
on' r^A  556,  Morris  on  rW.  514,  Sonnenschein'-^  o^  Mo.  \\Z2,Ru.  467,  Ballentine 

on  Ilanton.  235. 

2  Pages  539-544  (1911)-  The  examples  of  etiam  were  supplied  to  me  by 
Professor  Lodge.  The  arrangement  is  mine,  after  Mr.  Kirk,  but  with  very  many 
differences  (only  a  part  of  which  I  notice  in  passing  .  The  comments  are  also 
mostlv  mine.  Few  of  these  appear  in  the  Lexicon.  There  is  no  room  in  a 
lexicon  for  such  comments,  especially  in  a  work  already  so  space-consuming  as 
Professor  Lodge's  book. 


it6 


Charles  Knapp 


[1910 


Vol.  xli] 


Notes  on  Etiain  in  Plautus 


117 


Some  preliminary  remarks  will  make  the  classification  and 
the  comments  more  intelligible,  and  will  explain  the  frequency 
of  cross-references  within  the  classification.! 

Professor  Kirk  began  (26)  by  declaring,  after  Kiihner,  that 
etiam  was  originally  a  temporal  particle,  "the  particle  of  con- 
tinuance in  time "     He  doubted  the  "derivation  from 

et  iam      Neither  lain  nor  ctiam  .  .  .   suffers  us  to  feel  action 
as  stationary  :   both  .  .  .   mark  the  flow  of   action."     Later 
U''   n    I ),  he  refers  with  approval  to  an  article  m  Rh.  Mns. 
LI  (1896),  70  ff-.  in  which  Birt  maintained  that  ctiam  was 
derived  from  cti  =  m  +  iam,  with  temporal  sense  (107-108). 
For  etiam  temporal  compare  As.  921-923  surge  amator,  1 
domum.     »  NuUus  sum.     «  Immo  es  .  .  .  At  e.  cubat.^         In 
the  temporal  sense  ctiam  belongs  with  a  verb,  usually  clinging 
close  to  it  in  position.     In  affirmative  sentences  the  tense  of 
the  verb  is  commonly  present  or  future.     Sometimes  a  con- 
trast between  a  past  tense  and  a  present  tense  or  between  a 
past  (present)  and  a  future,  of  the  same  or  equivalent  verbs, 
helps  to  fix  the  meaning  of  etiam.     The  meaning  of  the  verb, 
too    must  be  considered.     Sometimes  when  a  past  tense  is 
used,  that  tense  is  made  possible  because  the  expression  is 
interpretable  in  terms  of  another  containing  a  present  tense. 

See  e.g.  A  5. 

In  time  the  temporal  sense  begins  to  yield  to  other  mean- 
ings. A  natural  development  is  the  additory,  '  also,'  sense, 
^rmany  examples  of  this  meaning  etiam  retains  in  part  its 
temporal  force.  Compare  Ps.  735  e.  opust  chlamyde,  etc. 
In  724-733  Chrysalus  had  cited  two  needs. 

Ao-ain.  the  temporal  force  passes  into  iterative  meaning, 

1  No  two  critics  would  agree  about  all  the  passages. 

2  Wakle  pavs  no  heed  to  this  derivation.  But  it  seems  to  me  correct,  in  so  far 
as  it  refers  etiam  to  a  root  identical  with  that  of  Uu  Lindsay,  in  his  -  Bericht 
iiber  Plautus  189^-1905  ('9o6)  "  in  \^^x^^^^^^.  Jahresbericht^  CXXX.x,  208  mentums 
Bin's  paper,  apparently  with  approval.  On  p.  230  he  dismisses  Mr.  Kirk  s  article 
in  two  lines  1- See  also   Mr.  Kirk's  paper,  "  Uber  etiam  und  etiam  nunc,    in 

Archiv,  XI,  213-220.  ,  .       ,      , 

3  To  get  the  force  of  etiam  it  is  often  necessary  to  read  in  the  large,  going 
back  over  several  (many)  lines. -The  character  «,  superimposed,  indicates 
change  of  speaker. 


itenim,  riirsus,  denno.  Here,  too,  it  is  often  easy  to  see  the 
temporal  force  still  inhering.  Cf.  Am.  366-369  compositis 
mendaciis  advenisti  .  .  .,  consutis  dolis.  ^  Immc  .  .  .  tuni- 
cis  consutis.  ...  ^  At  mentiris  e.  ('still,'  'again'):  certo 
pedibus,  non  tunicis  venis.     Sosia's  first  '  lie'  was  at  361-365. 

Further,  out  of  the  temporal  force  springs  readily  intensive 
meaning,  'even.'  Cf.  Tri.  248  non  satis  id  est  mah  ni  am- 
plius  e..  Per.  552  hau  potui  e.  in  primo  verbo  perspicere 
sapientiam  ('while  she  was  still  saying  her  first  word,'  'even 
in  her  first  remark'),  Jllo.  299,  827. 

Lastly,  in  a  very  few  passages,  etiaju  has  vis  affirmativa. 
Examples  showing  both  temporal  and  affirmative  force  are 
Am.  544  Numquid  vis  ?  '  Etiam  (est  quod  volo),  Mcr.  816  e. 
nunc  mulier  intus  est }     ^  Etiam. 

The  list  of  variant  readings  now  given  is  that  prepared  by 
Professor  Lodge  himself  for  the  article  etiam  in  his  Lexicon 
Plautijuim} 

Variae  lectt. :  Am.  381,  etitiam  E  \  745.  ^''^  J  i^^"^^  LindRglU ; 
773,  om  U\  814,  etiam  LuchsRgl pro  haec  iam.  As.  440,  ei  iam  E, 
Au,  55,  etiam  om  B  altero  loco;  565,  etiam  Z^uel  BrugmanriRg^ 
BD  et  /  ei  Griit^ ;  614,  etiam  atque  ojn  D;  fr  Y,  etiam  add 
WagnerRg.  Bd.  216,  etiam  iferat  B^  \  5^5,  ^^^'^  SeyGs,  om 
PURgLy\L\  954,  aiitem  BoR  fuit  U\  1025,  orare  etiam  R  pro 
opsecrare;  io()2,  om  BcrmRLLy;  1161,  om  C;  i  iGj,  iam  I/crmR. 
Cap.  664,  etiam  add  Rs.  Cas.  924,  etiam   C/  e***  Pip.  0\ 

522,  etiam  A  om  PU \  757,  etiam  ^dimidiam  7?i-Zj' ***  iam  PGs 
iam'z  ;  775,  etiam  RsGs  et  P^^.  Cii.  612,  etiam  PGs^ULy  mihi 

iam  P'RglL.  Men.  158,  etiam  ct  q.  s.  om  CD  ;  320,  etiam  add  R  : 
398,  etiam  CD'  sed  iam  B  s'  iam  I?'  ;  1042,  uel  ille  qui  rpro  etiam 
hie.  Mcr.  29,  om  ParRRg;   595,  tamen  etiamst    Stamen  demsi 

FGs-\  tarn  dempsi  CD  var  em  »// ;  732,  etiam  ZR  iam  Ryl^Gs.  Mi. 
1014,  etiam  sic  BoR  etiam  sed  CD  et  etiam  s'  B  et  celas  et  A  ut 
vidyp.         Mo.  383,  eccam  D'  ;  741,  etiam   U  etia   C  eia  BD  heia 

1  Some  abbreviations,  used  throughout  the  paper  as  well  as  here,  perhaps  nee^ 
explanation.  R  =  Ritschl;  Rgl  =  fabulae  a  Goetzio  et  Loewio  editae;  Rg  = 
fabulae  a  Goet/do  editae;  Rs  =  fabulae  a  Schoellio  editae;  Gs  =  the  Teubner 
text;  L=:Leo;  Ly  =  Lindsay;  U  =  Ussing;  Bo  =  Bothe;  Ca  =  Cameranusj 
(kut  =  Gruter;  Herm  =  Hermann;  Lind  =  Lindemann;  Par  =  Bareus;  Py  - 
Pylades;    Sarac  =  Saracenus;   Sey  =  Seyffert;   ^  =  reliqui  editores. 


ii8 


Charles  Knapp 


[1910 


A^  V  see!  Rs  ;  827,  etian  A.  Per.  145.  etiam  D  ut  ii  C  ciam  B; 
ItZ  etia.  .J>.  PS.  566,  ego  iam  P.  R^'.^^l,  e--  ^• 
5  C7I  etiam  Bo  it  iam  ^  id  iam  CD  ;  698,  et  .an  B.  T,u.  30, 
ScL'/f.;  .07,  es  etiam  ^  set  iam  ^sed  iam  C/P;  ^'VrTr 
X  ^.«  P  <^lit^r  A^  ;  5^6,  eliam  B  iam  CZ? ;  etiam  men  PG.^  exa- 
men^..//Z67:v<zA>.^^';  539,  et  iam  Rs  ;  88.,  an  >-"  «'^'"  ^ 
iam  />  var  em  ^  ;  898,  etia  B  ;  91°,  -ddam  et.am  unam  L  po.t  Ca 
et  Bo  ad  omnae  (omne  CD)  PGs^  var  em  ^  ;  939.  s.  et.am  me  0  s. 
PGs^Lx\  var  em  RsL.         Fr  I.  i  i  5,  om  A  l\o,m(,ex  Aon  334)- 

tli  .•  J/.«.  93,  etiam  B^  tiam  ^'  .am  CD  prolan.  ./. 

xa.o  etL/'eam5.;-...  Ps-  .gi.etiam  ^/..  et  ^^)  93^,  efam 
r^..  ^  ;  ....  dem  et  iam  ^  idem  etiam  D  .dem  C,..  de  ..e 
iam  (C.).  ^-  58^.  etiam  .</,/  Pnse  I.  .35-  ^-  -84  et  am 
Ppro  et  eam  (^.)-  ^'■"-  534,  603,  pector  et.am  CDp>o  pectore 
a  (B)  ■  947  etia  nam  P pro  et  lanam  (C.).  pro  et.am  «/./../ 
ecLn  i;.  /  ;..v,  C-  u,nelj;  ,tiam  ..../  ..  ^  ./  C  ..  iP  W  varus 
locis  aetiam  semel  D, 

A     Etiam  with  temporal  force,  '  still,'  '  noch ' ;  see  p.  1 16  : 
I.  With  present  tense :  {a)  indicative :  As.  923  :  P •  •  iS.      As 
.27  Non  vides  me  .  .  .  anhelitt.m  e.  di.cere  ?     Cf.  264,  267. 
200  307.        As.  38-41  despuas  .  .  .  usque  excrea.    '  Et.amne  ? 
»  usque  ex  penitis  faucibus :   e.  amplius.     »  Nam  quo 

usque'  »  Usque  ad  mortem  volo.  If  usque  were  not  pres- 
ent, etianinel  could  be  interpreted  as  'Again?'  (C  i),  and 
cHam  amplius  as  '  even  more  '  (D  5).  [Temporal-.ntens.ye  : 
K  •'Q-W^l  Cas.  368  perpcram  iam  dudum  .  .  .  tabuior. 

t  Pol  tu  qilidem  atque  e.  facis.  See  365-367-  The  contrast 
of  tenses  is  decisive.  [Additory  :  K  30-31-]  Cu.172  Hoc 
etiamst  quam  ob  rem  cupiam  vivere,  '  I  still  have  this  (=  in 
her)  reason  for  wanting,'  etc.  (not,  '  there  is  a  further  rea- 

.  In  each  large  group  I  put  first  examples  in  which  but  a  single  meaning  is 
(na.  allv.  possLe'  La.er  come  '  composite  '  passages  ('"ose  w  -ch  may  e  ,nU 
under  m^re  than  one  head).  In  such  groups,  aga.n,  the  place  "f/'""  -  '^"^';;; 
it  precedes  or  follows  the  verb,  noun,  etc.,  is  next  to  ,t  or  separated  from  it  -  and 
the  nature  of  the  verb,  etc.,  help  to  determine  the  arrangement 

■i  To  sive  space,  I  commonly  refer  in  this  wav  to  the  views  of  Mr.  K.rk,  qucnr 
10  save  space,  /  iKn  to  save  soace,  where  there  seems  no 

honoris  tantum  ubique  causa  nommo.     Also  to  save  space, 
doubt  ab.ut  the  classification,  and  I  have  no  specal  comment  '"  "  f'';-     f ' 
frequently  merely  give  the  reference.     The  Teubner  text,  as  nearest  the  M...,  .s 
the  basis  of  the  paper. 


Vol.  xli] 


Notes  on  Etiam  in  Plautus 


119 


son  ' ;  Phaedromus  has  mentioned  no  other  reason).  Tru. 
ZZ6  spes  etiamst  hodie  tactum  iri  militem,  a  corrupt  passage 
(see  Ly).  See  Zjd^-Z'j^.  Buecheler  (see  L)  read  tactum  iri 
{itcrum),  because  Phronesium  *' Iam  tetigit  (militem)."  The 
order  is  against  taking  etiam  as  'again.'  J/f;/.  431  Iam 
sequar  te :  hunc  volo  e.  conloqui.  [Additory:  K  28.] 
Fs.  1 158  hunc  advocare  e.  volo.  Mane  modo.  This  cannot 
=  '  I  want  to  call  him  in  too,'  for  Ballio  wants  to  talk  to  Simo 
alone.  He  means:  'Wait:  I  still  have  something  to  do  {i.e. 
I  must  consult  Simo).'  Etiamst  quod  huic  dicere  volo  (cf. 
Men.  43 1 )  is  the  sense. 

Am.  374.  Ep.  524  is  e.  sese  sapere  memorat,  'He  asserts 
that  he  still  has  sense.'  In  517-521,  bracketed  in  part  by  the 
Teubner  text,  Gray,  etc.,  though  not  by  Ly,  the  speaker  had 
said,  '  I  know  that  I  have  no  wit.'  [Additory  and  untranslat- 
able :  K  32.]  Poe.  315  immo,  e.  in  medio  oculo  .  .  .  sordet. 
An.  507.  Read  from  475.  Cas.  306.  lb.  502  opsonate  .  .  ., 
nam  mihi  vicino  hoc  e.  conventost  opus.  Cf.  490  ff.  etiam 
cannot  =  *  also '  ;  the  vicinus  is  not  to  be  at  the  dinner  (484). 

Mi.  640  aliquantum  habeo  umoris  ...  e.  in  corpore  neque 
dum  exarui,  an  instructive  passage,  giving  the  idea,  in  true 
Greek  fashion,  first  affirmatively,  then  negatively.  Tru.  1 74 
sunt  mi  e.  fundi  et  aedis.  Cf.  164  ff.,  I75-I77-  Spengel's 
etiamdum  (Ly.)  is  not  impressive,  since  the  clause  is  affirma- 
tive. See  below,  A  5.  Here  possibly,  as  showing  etiam 
after  the  verb,  belongs  .S7.  617,  a  corrupt  passage,  '  I  think  I 
can  still  make  room.'      Read  on  to  621.     See  Mr.  Kirk,  27,41. 

Composite(p.  118, n.  i)examples:  ^;;/.  369:  p.  ii6,andC  i. 
Am.  1029  e.  quis  ego  sim  me  rogitas  }  Cf.  1028,  102 1  ;  B  9, 
C    I.  Cap.   53  etiamst  paucis   vos   quod    monitum    volue- 

rim  (the  speaker  has  already  uttered  many  injunctions  and 
requests).  *  Also  '  is  possible  ;  Ly,  ed.  min.,  renders  by  '  one 
other  thing.'     See  B  6.         /^i-.  735  :  p.  1 16 ;  B  i.       Tri.  248  : 

p.  116  ;  D  2. 

(/;)  With  subjunctive  :  Tri.  1 136  maneam  e.  opinor,  *  I  had 
.  .  .  better  wait  still.'  Mi.  1418  verberetur  etiam  (cf.  C  2). 
See  1396,  1400  ff.,  1404-1406,  1412,  1415;  compare  espe- 
cially 1401  (below,  e\  1424  (below,  d\  C  2). 


I20 


Charles  Knapp 


[1910 


(r)  With  imperative:  Men,  158-159  c-  concede  .  .  .  e. 
nunc  concede.  'Again'  is  possible;  cf.  then  C  2  and 
Mo.  474  circumspice  etiam.      [Temporal-intensive:    K  29.] 

JA;/.  177. 

i^d)  In  vigorous  dialogue  we  find  temporal  ctiam  often  in 

questions:  T}i.  572  e.  consulis  ?  Read  from  442.  Philto 
pauses  after  vortat  and  nunc  in  572,  hoping  for  favorable  reply. 
Ep.711.  Men.  422.  Mcr.  896  Etiam  metuis  ?  So  Ly,  rightly 
{cmutuis  CD).  Charinus  is  in  despair  :  %^^0-%6^^  At  867  ff., 
885  ff.,  890,  891  ff.,  894-896  Eutychus  tries  to  encourage 
him  ;  viuttis  (Teubner  text)  fits  the  context,  but  is  far  less 
good.  Per.  651  emam  opinor.  ^^  Etiam  opinor?  *  Still  un- 
decided.?' Cf.  493,  523  ff-,  539,  542,  564  ff-,  580,  597,  ^oi- 
efforts  to  induce  the  leno  to  buy.  Ru.  S77  e.  retentas  .?  So 
Plesidippus  (L  and  Ly  less  well  give  the  question  to  Charmi- 
des);  cf.  his  words  in  852  ff.,  859,  S67.         St.  574. 

Ba.  ^67  etiamne  uUro  tuis  me  prolectas  probris  1  Separate 
7iltro  from  etiam,  and  take  ultra,  as  so  often,  of  action  that 
transcends  the  expected.  562-565  lead  up  to  567.  Mr.  Kirk 
(29)  joins  etiam  .  .   .  ultra,  in  temporal  additory  sense. 

As.  109  Ego  eo  .  .  .  nisi  quid  vis.  ^  Ei  .  .  .  '  Atque 
audin  etiam  ?  atq?ie  is  adversative  :  Lodge,  Lex.  Plant.  181, 
under  B.  Cf.  91-103  for  commands  of  the  senex.  The 
whole  =  '  I  have  no  more  to  say  .  .  .  nay  rather  listen  still,' 
etiamst  quod  tibi  dicerc  volo  (cf.  Cap.  53  above,  i  a,  at  end, 
page  119).     Similar  is  Tru.  331. 

Cu.  196  pergin  etiam  ?  Cf.  191.  The  verb  helps  us  to  de- 
cide for  '  still '  rather  than  for  '  again.'  Pac.  1224  Pergo  e. 
temptare.?  The  words  of  the  next  speaker.  In  pauca  confer, 
make  for  '  still '  (not  *  again  ').  Ba,  1 196  Quid  agas,  rogi- 
tas  etiam  }  Read  from  1 187,  marking  the  change  in  Nicobu- 
lus  from  positive  declaration  to  complete  indecision. 

Composite  examples  :  Cas.  728  Etiamne  astas  ?  Cf.  mane 
vero,  727,  and  C  4.  ^lo.  522  Etiamne  astas  }  So  Tranio  : 
cf.  his  commands  in  512  ff.  to  Theopropides  to  run.  C  4- 
Am.  376  Etiam  clamas .?  Cf.  373-374  for  shouting,  and  see 
B  9.  Am.  381  Etiam  *  muttis  !    (U  interpreted  by  nondujn 

faces  f     Since  Mercury  had  demanded  silence  in  376,  we  may 


Notes  on  Etiam  in  Plant  us 


121 


Vol.  xli] 

compare  C  4).^  Per.  827  (in  817.  819,  823,  the  law  had 
made  threats;  now  he  says)  Malum  ego  vobis  dabo,  ni  abitis. 
«  litiam  muttis,  inpudens  ?  Cf.  C  I.  Mo.  851  at  e.  restas  ? 
One  imperative,  two  questions  precede  this  :  C  4. 

Cap.  556  Etiam  huic  credis?     Read  from  547.     Mr.  Kirk 

(32)  thought   etiam   untranslatable ;    it   plainly  =  '  still,'   i.e. 

after  my  disclaimer  in  552-553-     I"  554-555.  according  to 

the  Mss.,  Hegio  had  shown  himself  still  (cf.  551)  under  the 

domination  of  Tyndarus.    We  may  also  set  under  B  9,  taking 

the  question  as  repeating  <7/«,  verbero,  552,  though  that  was 

said  to  Tyndarus,  our  question  to  Hegio  ;  Aristophontes  is 

excited.        Cas.  749  stasne  etiam  ?    i  sis  (cf.  similar  orders  m 

744  ff  ,  755:  C  4).        Mi.   1424  Verberon  e.  an  iam  mittis  ? 

Cf.  1401,  1418  (above,  i  b).     iam  makes  for  temporal  sense. 

But 'again' is  possible:  C  I. 

In  Ba  1 188  etiam  tu,  homo  nihili  (L,  Ly)  ?  '  What!  still 
refusing  ? '  there  is  an  ellipsis.  Sc.  uon  facis,  or  7norarts. 
See  above  (p.  120)  on  Ba.  1 196-  , 

Ma:    130   e.   asto  ?    e.  cesso?      Note    in    ff.,   especially 

Temporal  etiavi  is  combined  with  other  temporal  adverbs 
or  conjunctions,  though  it  is  logically  independent  of  them. 
The  commonest  combination  is  etiam  nunc;  nunc  defines 
etiam  ;  as  in  en  Ka\  vvv,  the  sense  is  '  still  (even)  at  this  (very) 
moment '  So  in  etiam  frins,  ctiam  pnus  quam,  etc.,  the 
second  temporal  word  (phrase,  clause),  figuring  separately, 
defines  the  first,  etiam  being  in  itself  vague. 

(e\  etiam  nunc :  («)  immediately  before  the  verb :  Am. 
1081  Mcr  437  e.  n.  (meus  RRgKirk)  adnutat  (cf.  435,  be- 
low) St.  698  utram  tibi  lubet  etiam  *  n.  capere,  cape  provin- 
ciam,  '  I'm  still  willing  to  let  you  have  your  choice  now.  etc. 
The  order  of  verses  in  Fennell,  accepted  by  Mr.  Kirk,  makes 
even  better  for  this  view.  Men.  io6.    Am.  329.     ^«-.I'23 

dudum  .  .  .  petebas  .  .  .  «  E.  n.  peto.  Ps.  783.  M.  .8.. 
Mer.  816  e.  n.  mulier  intust?  "Etiam.  Ru.  449  e.  n. 
misera  timeo  .  .  . 

.  An  asterisk  invites  the  reader  to  refer  back  to  the  list  of  variant  readings 
on  p.  1 1 7  f. 


122 


Charles  Knapp 


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Men.  158  e.  n.  concede  audacter.  See  C  2.  Mi.  1373 
e.  n.  vale.     C  2. 

With  a  negative  verb  :  Men.  398  etiam  *  n.  nego.         Mi. 

518  e.  n.  nescio. 

(^)  Immediately  after  the  verb  :  Tri.  594.  Tr//.  207  noster 
es  etiam*  n.  Mer.  435  iubet  ...  me  addere  e.  n.  (B  5). 
Cf.  437,  above,  under  «. 

With  imperative:  Am.  1082  vide  e.  n.  Au.  55  abscede 
e.  n.,  etiam*  n.,  etiam  .  .  .     See  C  2  (cf.  40,  46-47*  48-49)- 

(7)  Before  the  verb,  but  separated  from  it :  St.  ^ji  etiam  * 
n.  .  .  .  sese  ducit.  Ci.  307  e.  n.  .  .  .  possum.  Mi.  301 
e.  n.  intus  .  .  .  est.         Mo.  299,  827:  see  D  5  ;  p.  117. 

etiam  nunc  .  .  .  priusquam  :  Mi.  1339.     See  C  i. 

etiam  .  .  .  nunc  :  Ajh.  408.  Cas.  691  etiamne  habet  n. 
Casina  gladium  ?  nunc  is  here  an  afterthought. 

nunc  etiam,  nunc  .  .  .  etiam :  Cas.  365  censui  .  .  .  et  n.  e. 
censeo.  Poc.  189.  Tni.  520.  Mo.  118  n.  e.  volo  dicere. 
The  whole  passage  =  dixi  et  n.  e.  dicam.  Ps.  610  n.  qui- 

dem  e.  servio.  Am.  frag,  xv  (ex  Prise,  i,  564)  abeundi  n. 
tibi  e.  occasiost. 

etiam  prius,  etiam  .  .  .  prius  :  Cis.  586.  See  the  whole  con- 
text. ]\Ii.  1401  iamne  in  hominem  involo  }  ^  Immo  e.  p.  ver- 
beretur.  Cf.  1418,  1424.     Ba.  221  :   D  5.     Mer.  386  (cf.  384, 

385).     Ps.  331. 

prius  etiam,  prius  .  .  .  etiam :  Mer.  568-569  Prius  hoc  aus- 
culta  .  .  .  :  prius  etiamst  quod  te  facere  ego  aequom  censeo 
(note /;7//.y  in  the  first  clause;  in  the  second  join /////i- with 
facere,  etiam  with  est ;  note  position  of  etiam).  [Additory  : 
K  28.]         Am.  202  p.  ipse  mecum  e.  volo  hie  meditari. 

etiamnum  :  Men.  462  e.  reliquiarum  spes  animum  oblectat. 
Trii.  785  e.  .  .   .  falsus  incertusque  sum. 

etiam  .  .  .  parumper :  Mi.  596  cohibete  intra  limen  e. 
vos.  p. 

etiam  amplius  :  As.  41  ;  above,  a. 

etiam  .  .  .  ultro :  Ba.  567 ;  above,  d. 

2.  With  the  imperfect  tense  :  Rn.  846  etiamne  in  ara  tunc 
(F  Z  nunc  P)  sedebant  .   .   .? 

3.  With    the    future    tense :    Per.  847    dedimus    dabimus- 


Vol.  xli] 


Notes  on  Etiam  in  Plant  us 


\2\ 


que   e.  Cap.   892    Dubium   habebis  e.,   sancte  quom  ego 

iurem  tibi  t  Ergasilus  had  given  assurances  to  Hegio  in 
872-890.  Lindsay  (ed.  min.)  is  right,  Elmer  and  Brix^ 
(19 10)  wrong  here.  Cas.  606  quin  e.  diu  morabor :  '  If  I  talk 
further,  I'll  be  retarding  still  further  what  I  want  done.' 
quin  has  nothing  to  do  with  etiam  ;  since  604  the  se7ies  have 
been  hurling  quin^  at  each  other. 

Cu.  453  immo  e.  porro  .  .  .  dicam  (sc.  tall  stories). 

Au.  805  ('  I  don't  know  where  to  find  my  slave  ')  nisi  e.  hie 
opperiar  tamen  paulisper. 

JSIcn.  922  Mane  modo :  e.  percontabor  alia.  ^  Occidis 
fabulans.  So  the  Triumvirate  edition,  L,  Ly,  giving  an 
excellent  and  simple  text.  The  Teubner  text  is  absurd.  The 
sense  approaches  the  additory  :  B  6.  Ps.  524  priusquam  istam 
pugnam  pugnabo,  ego  e.  prius  dabo  aliam  pugnam.         See 

also  B  4. 

4.  With  the  perfect  tense:  Mi.  1142  At  parum  e.  (derun- 
cinavit  militem),  'There's  still  some  planing  ...  to  be  done.' 

5.  In  negative  sentences  :  {a)  with  the  present  tense  (com- 
pare and  yet  contrast  Men.  398,  Mi.  518,  above,  e,  a,  at  end. 
There  the  negative  is  inherent  in  the  verb  itself):  Ps.  567, 
St.  356  nihil  e.  scio.  Per.  231  baud  e.  es  octoginta  pondo. 
Tru.  526  neque  etiam  *  queo  pedibus  ambulare  (=  atque  .  .  . 
adhuc  nequeo  ambulare.  Read  from  516;  the  presents  in 
525-526  mark  the  continuance  of  Phronesium's  suffering,  of 
which  the  soldier  has  spoken  (516  ff.)  as  if  it  were  a  thing  of 
the  past.  This  consideration  and  the  position  of  etiam  make 
against  the  rendering  '  I  cannot  even  walk.')  Cas.  924  nul- 
lum muttit  e.  verbum  (U  in  lac). 

With  present  subjunctive:  Mi.  99^  quasi  non  videam 
neque  .  .  .  e.  dum  sciam. 

{d)  With  future  tense:  Ba.  921   non  dabo  temere  e.  prius 

quam. 

(r)  With  perfect  tense :  Ep.  336  qui  numquam  e.  natus  est, 
*who  is  still  unborn.'  This  mode  of  interpretation  will  else- 
where readily  account  for  temporal  etiam  with  the  perfect 
tense  in  negative  sentences.  Cf.  e.g:  discussion  of  Tru.  S^6, 
above,  and^of  Per.  630,  below,  both  under  5.     Frag,  i,  115 


124 


Charles  Kjiapp 


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(ex  Non.  334)  numquam  cum  ilia  etiam  *  limavit  caput. 
Per.  128.  Am.  248  Numquam  e.  quicquam  adhuc  verborumst 
prolocutus  perperam.      adJuic  helps  to  fix  the  sense  of  etiam. 

Ru.  959  nihil  e.  respondit.  Per.  630  nihil  adhuc  pecca- 

vit  e.,  '  She  is  still  errorless.'     Note  adJiuc. 

As.  445  ..  .  rettulitne?     *  Non  etiam.         Ps.  280  e.  non 

dedit. 

A/er.  381  hand  e.  quicquam  inepte  feci.         Mi.  1400  Peril. 

^  Hand  e.  (=  e.  vivis). 

Per.  174  nondum  etiam  *  edidicisti  (=  etiam  ignoras). 
Am.  733  neque  .   .  .  intuli  e.,  '  I  have  still  not  set.' 
Ps.  957  nihil  e.  dum  (P  dum  e.  A)  harpagavit. 

Deserving  of  special  attention  is  Rn.  1381.  In  1380  ff.  the 
Mss.  give  :  cedo  quicum  habeam  iudicem  ni  dolo  malo  in- 
stipulatus  sis  nive  etiamdum  siem  quinque  et  viginti  natus 
annos.  Priscianus   i,   388  has  sive  etiamdum  .   .   .  aunos 

natus.  I  agree  with  Mr.  Kirk  (35)  in  reading  7ii:je  and  in 
believing,  with  AcidaHus,  Bentley,  Reiz,  Leo,  that  a  negative 
is  needed  with  etiamdum,  since  the  sense  required,  as  the 
declaration  made  by  Labrax,  is  '\  am  still  not  (=  under) 
twenty-five,'  '  I  am  not  yet  twenty-five.'  etiamdum,  in  an 
affirmative  clause,  cannot  mean  *  as  yet,'  as  Sonnenschein 
would  have  us  believe;  see  Mr.  Kirk,  page  35,  note  i,  and 
below  on  Ps.  1028.  Acidalius  (so  L)  inserted  Jiaud  before 
siem.  Mr.  Kirk  rightly  objects  that  the  negative  "should 
stand,  according  to  the  normal  form,  before  etiam''  (say 
rather  '*  according  to  Plautus'  invariable  use":  see  above,  5, 
throughout).  Mr.  Kirk  proposes  (35,  note  2)  uivc  haud  dum 
etiam  siem  .  .  .  This  form  finds  no  exact  counterpart  in 
Plautus,  but  Per.  174  nondum  etiam*  edidicisti  is  closely 
akin  to  it. 

In  Ps.  1028  metuo  autem  ne  erus  redeat  etiamdum  a  foro, 
etiamdum,  if  sound,  appears  in  an  affirmative  clause.  Cf. 
with  Mr.  Kirk  (36),  Cicero  Att.  xiii,  31,1  quoniam  etiamdum 
abes  (a  passage  variously  handled  by  the  editors,  I  note). 
The  force  is  'still,'  approaching  'again';  cf.  JMo.  377  quid 
ilH  reditio  e.  hue  fuit .?         There  is  no  negative  force  at  all 


Vol.  xli] 


Notes  on  Etiam  in  Plautus 


125 


here  in  etiamdum,  nor  will  the  rendering  *  as  yet,'  ventured 
by  Sonnenschein  for  Ru.  1381,  apply.  -  Possibly,  however, 
etiamnum  is  to  be  read,  as  in  Men.  462,  Tru.  785,  and  Cicero 

I.e.  by  Wesenberg. 

Tru.  321  haud  convenit  e.  hie  dum  Phronesium. 

Poe.  99  neque  quicquam  .   .   .  fecit  e.  num  stupri  (versum 

seel.  Guy,  non  Ly). 

As.  385  nemo  e.  tetigit  ...         lb.  49^  nemo  e.  me  accu- 

savit. 

B.    Additory  ^/w>«.-  page  116. 

I.  With  substantives:  Ah.  561  e.  agnum  misi  (he  had 
sent  cod,  553,  a  tibicina,  557.  obsoninm,  560).  An.  frag,  v 
(Wac-ner  Rg  ex  Non.  120)  etiam*  hallec  duint.  As.  184 
volt  famulis  (placere),  volt  e.  ancillis :  et  quoque  catulo  meo 
subblanditur  (note  equivalence  of  etiam  and  qnoqne).  Am. 
01  e  .  anno  quom  .  .  .  lovem  invocarunt  venit  ('last 
year,  too,  Jupiter  played  actor  ').  Mer.  29  inhaeret  etiam  • 
aviditas.  Mi.  ii47-  ^^^-  629-  An.  465  e.  meus  med  m- 
tus  -alius  .  .  perdidit  {etiam  immediately  precedes  part  of 
whaUt  adds,  mens  .  .  .  gallus).  Poe.  385  e.  ocellum  addam 
(note  the  verb.  Read  364-385-  Versum  autem  seel.  L). 
Tru  539  (loc.  dub.)  e.  nihiU  pendit  addi  purpuram(Ly  — 
for  another  gift  see  530).         R"-  ^^7S  E.  patrem  (salutem)? 

St.  709. 

Rh  484  ukro  adgerunda  etiamst  aqua.  Ps.  735  :  page  i  lO- 
Au  452.  lb.  304.  Ba.  424  hoc  e.  ad  malum  accersebatur 
malum  We   may  join  etiam  closely  with  lioe :  see  then 

below  3  Mer.  728  e.  vis  nomen  dicam.'  (in  719  Donppa 
had  U&,' Whose  is  the  woman,'').  Am.  7A7  Tute  istic 
(istuc  dixisti),  e.  adstante  hoc  Sosia.  [Temporal:  K  27.J 
Tru.  380  verum  tempestas,  memini,  quondam  etiam  (L)  tuit 

^^"^^''"2 16  Bacchis  etiam  *  fortis  tibi  visast  ?  {etiavi  adds 
Bacchis  to  the  theme  just  discussed,  the  acting  of  the  tpi- 
dicus  ;  note  e.  Epidieum,  2.4).  As.  939-940  Da  saviuni  e.. 
prius  quam  abitis.  Cu.  210  tene  e.,  prius  quam  hinc  abeo. 
savium. 


126 


Charles  Knapp 


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Tri.  934  an  e.  Arabiast  in  Ponto  ?  Etiani  may  be  inten- 
sive (D  I),  but  the  additory  sense  is  sufficient. 

porro  etiam,  etiam  porro :  Ba.  273  p.  e.  ausculta  pugnam. 
See  below,  6.      Cit.  453  :  A  3. 

etiam  .  .  .  insuper :  Tri.  1025  e.  laborem  ad  damnum  appo- 
nam  epithecam  insuper.  Note  the  verb,  and  the  predicate 
noun  epithccatn. 

que  .  .  .  etiam:  Cas.  314  tu  .  .  .  filiusque  e.  tuos.  lb. 
612  cum  istac  cumque  arnica  e.  tua.  Both  examples  occur 

in  one  play. 

atque  etiam :  Ep.  473  a.  e.  fides  .  .  .  addam  dono.  Per. 
yS^  Persas  a.  e.  omnis  personas.  Tri.  965.     Ps.  1223  hau 

sinam  .  .  .  nisi  mi  argentum  redditur,  viginti  minae.  ^  At- 
que e.  mihi  aliae  viginti  minae  (we  may  also  join  etiaui  with 
the  numerals:  see  then  below,  5). 

With  a  clause :  A?(.  307  at  scin  e.  quo  modo  1  *  do  you  know 
what  else  he  does?'  Read  from  304.  Ba.  745  Adscribe 
dum  etiam.  ...  '  Sed,  pater,'  etc.  Note  the  forms  in  731, 
734-735  (especially  good),  741,  and  the  prefix  of  the  verb 
here  and  in  741.  Men.  944  tum  patrem  occidisse  et  matrem 
vendidisse  e.  scio.  Mr.  Kirk  (31)  joins  etiam  closely  with 
the  repeated  seio.  Per.  69:  see  L  on  6%.  Ba.  757  Numquid 
aliud  ?     5  Hoc,  atque  e.  :  ubi,  etc.  Poe.  281  de  te  quidem 

haec  didici  omnia.  ^  Etiamne  ut  ames  eam  }  Ci.  775  om- 
nes  homines  fabulantur  .  .  .  etiam  *  Lampadionem  me  .  .  . 
quaesivisse  aiunt.  We  may  also  take  etiaju  as  adding 
qiiaesivisse  to  inventam,  or  aiunt  to  fabulantur :  see  then 
below,  6.  Mo.  118  (if  etiani  be  taken  with  the  ///-clause). 
See  also  A,  i,  ^,  7. 

2.  With  adjective  used  as  substantive  :  Ba.  546  e.  unum 
hoc  (scito).  St.  427  hoc  e.  unum  (volo).  Ru.  441  Immo 
e.  tibi  .  .  .  faciam  omnia.  Mer.  167  multa  exquirere  e. 
prius  volo  quam  vapulem.         Men.  922  :  above,  A  3. 

3.  With  pronoun:  Cas.  991  e.  me  .  .  .  Mi.  1206  te 
quoque  ei  dono  dedi.  ^  Etiamne  me  }  Note  equivalence 
of  quoque  and  etiam,  each  with  a  pronoun.  Cf.  1207  (U). 
Tru.  939  si  e.  me  amas  (U).  Ba.  1161  ego  ipsus  .  .  .  scire 
puto  me  :  verum  audire  etiam  *  ex  te  studeo.         Mo.  513  e.  tu 


Vol.  xli] 


Notes  on  Etiam  in  Plautus 


127 


fuge.  Ci.  757  ego  e.  (U  ***  iam  P  Gs  aliter  i/r)  quaero  meam. 
Poe.  251  Sat  est  istuc  alios  dicere  nobis :  ne  nosmet  nostra  e. 
vitia  eloquamur.  etiam  belongs  with  nosmet,  but  the  fond- 
ness for  combinations  like  nosmet  nostra  accounts  for  its  posi- 
tion. Ba.  565  occiperes  tute  etiam*  amare.  Ly  reads 
oeciperes  tute  eam  amare,  a  better  text,  because  an  object  is 
needed  for  a^nare.  L  reads  tute  \  amare.  Per.  848  Loquere 
tu  e.,  frustum  pueri.^ 

Ba.  424:  above,  i.  Am.  760.  lb.  902  nisi  e.  hoc  falso 
dici  insimulaturus  es  (in  683  ff.  Amphitruo  had  charged  her 
with  lying).  Men.  1042  e.  hie  servom  se  meum  esse  aibat 
('here's  another  person  making  strange  blunders.'  This  ex- 
planation is  simpler  and  better  than  Mr.  Kirk's  (31)).  Mer. 
24  amori  accedunt  e.  haec  (cf.  29).  lb.  751  etiamne  haec 
illi  tibi  iusserunt  f erri  .^  Read  from  735.  Mi.  811  quom 
e.  hie  agit  .  .  .  (loc.  dub.).  Mo.  422  quin  e.  illi  hoc  dicito. 
Am.  771  (read  from  682.  'This  is  the  cHmax,'  says  Amphi- 
truo, 'if  she  has  the  patera.'     Then  says  Sosia)  An  etiam* 

credis  id  .  .  .  .•* 

Ps.  370  numquid  aliud  e.  voltis  dicere.^ 

Ba.  274  etiamnest  quid  porro } 

atque  etiam:  Au.  99  a.  e.  hoc  praedico  (for  other  orders 

see  80-98). 

More  or  less  similar  are  Tru.  534  Paenitetne  te  quot  ancil- 
las  alam,  quin  etiam  *  me  super  adducas  quae  mihi  comedint 
cibum.?(loc.  dub.  —  L  and  Ly,  following  Haupt,  read  ^///;/ 
examen  super  adducas,  etc.).  As.  232  at  ego  est  e.,  prius 
quam  abis,  quod  volo  loqui  (join  etiam  with  the  relative 
clause).         Ru.  200  e.  (ea)  quae  simul  vecta  mecum  in  sca- 

phast  excidit. 

4.  With  adjective:  Poe.  1386  rapacem  te  esse  semper  cre- 
didi,  verum  e.  furacem  aiunt  {verum  is  'but,'  wholly  divorced 
from  etiam.  '  You  are  not  only  rapax,  but  in  the  opinion  of 
those  who  know  you  better  than  I  do  you  are  also  >;v?,r'). 
Ps.  872.     lb.  524:  A  3. 

etiam  .  .  .  insuper,  insuper  etiam:  Cas.  441,  Mer.  693. 

et  etiam:  Ci.  522  di  .  .  .  magni  minutique  et  etiam  *  patel- 

larii. 


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[1910 


Vol.  xhj 


Notes  on  Etiam  in  Plautns 


129 


atque  etiam:  Ps.  195.  lb.  566  non  demutabo  :  a.  e.  cer- 
tum,  quod  sciam  :  .  .  .  futurumst  (*  My  plans  are  unchange- 
able, aye,  surely  fixed,'  etc.  Vide  R.).  So  L,  with  no  hint 
of  corruption.  Lorenz  emended  strangely  ;  Professor  Morris 
left  the  passage  as  corrupt.  Mr.  Kirk  (41)  does  not  know 
what  to  do  with  etiam.  To  me  the  whole  =  Hoc  quod  dixi 
inmutabile  atque  ('and  in  fact')  certum  est. 

5.  With  numerals  :  Ba.  692  ut  .  .  .  e.  alteram  facias  viam. 
An.  641  ostende  e.  tertiam  (manum).  Foe.  492  volo  narrare 
tibi  e.  unam  pugnam  (he  had  described  a  fight  in  471-487). 
Tni.  910  addam  etiam*  unam  minam  istuc  (L  post  Ca  et 
Bo).     Similar  is  Moi.  10 18  em  tibi  etiam  (plagam). 

St.  A.A,'^)  est  e.  hie  ostium  aliud  posticum  (read  from  437). 
Per.  669  e.  ...  hue  decem  accedent  minae.  Mer.  435  : 
A,  \,  e.  Foe.  403  e.  tibi  banc  amittam  noxiam  unam:  non 
sum  irata  (Agorastocles'  fault  lies  in  having  sent  his  slave, 
Milphio,  as  orator  to  the  sisters;  the  slave  has  been  imperti- 
nent.    In  353  A.  had  asked  Cur  mihi  haec  iratast  ?     Cf.  370). 

Ru.  1007  verbum  e.  adde  unum  (adde  etiam  CDU). 

Ba.  954  alterum  (fatum  Troiae)  etiamst  *  Troili  mors.  lb. 
971  nunc  alteris  e.  ducentis  usus  est  {iiiine  and  etiam  are 
wholly  divorced).         ]\Ier.  432  tris  minas  accudere  e.  possum. 

Fs.  1223  :  see  above,  p.  126. 

6.  With  verbs:  ]\Io.  549  b,  553  e.  fatetur  de  hospite  .'^ 
('  You've  told  him  :  he  confesses  too  t ')  Rii.  401  at  ego  e. 
(scio)  .  .  .  spem  decepisse  multos.  Cap.  53  :  A,  i,^.  As. 
498-501  Frugi  tamen  sum  nee  potest  peculium  enumerari. 
.  .  .  Etiam  \  nunc  dico  (Ly  brackets  iiiinc  dieo,  rightly)  .  .  . 
mercator  .  .  .  mihi  talentum  .  .  .  adnumeravit  et  credidit 
neque  deceptust. 

Ci.  77^'.  above,  i.  Mer.  167:  above,  2.  Tni.  881  Bene 
vale,  Phronesium.  ^  (An  non  et)iam  tuom  oculum  vocas  1 
(so  L). 

As.  109,  Trie.  331  atque  audin  e.  ?  A,  i,  d. 

Rit.  1277  etiamne  .  .  .  complectar  eius  patrem?  lb.  1275 
etiamne  eam  .  .  .  salutem  ?  (In  etiam  patrem?,  ib.,  etiam 
may  go  either  wdth  the  noun  or  with  the  verb  to  be  supplied.) 
Ci.  518  e.  quid  consultura  sis  sciam.'* 


J 


Tm.  30  quid  t  perierandum  est  etiam  *  praeter  munera ! 

Read  21-29. 

As.  276  e.  de  tergo  ducentas  plagas  .  .  .  dabo  (see  274). 
Tri.  708  e.  ob  stultitiam  tuam  te  .  .  .  multabo  mina.  Men. 
922:  A3.     A'k.  1270  patrie.  gratulabor.' 

Mo.  978  aedis  emit .'  .  .  .  quadraginta  e.  dcdit  hmc  .  .  . .' 
Mat.  1072  hunc  censebam  ted  esse  :  huic  e.  e.xhibui  negotium 
(  =  et  censebam  et  exhibui).         Tri.  943  an  tu  e.  vidisti  lovem  ? 

Poc  1282  e.  me  ...  ad  se  abduxit  (read  from  1280).  Cf. 
R„.  327,  r,i,.  248.  Cap.  664  ut  etiam  *  .  .  .  mihi  contra 
astitit '  (Rs),  '  He  has  not  only  wronged  me  (653  ff.,  658  ff.)  : 
he  has  gone  further,  he  faced,'  etc.  Tri.  942  eho  an  e.  in 

caelum  escendisti  ?  Ps.  1 172  ('  My  master  won  me  by  his 
prowess').  «  An  e.  .  .  .  expugnavit  carcerem  ?  7I/<«.939 
e  me  .  .  minitatu's  prosternere  {etiam  adds  mimtatii  s  to 
aicbat,  936).  Ps.  1 1 77.  I'ZS  tune  e.  cubitare  solitu's  m 
cunis.?  .  .  .    Etiamne   facere   soiitus   es,  scni   quid   loquar . 

Ru.  327,  Tru.  248. 

With  an  adverbial  clause:  Cap.  327  Est  e.  ubi  profecto 
damnum  praestet  facere  (read  from  325). 

With  imperative :  Ba.  745  :  above,  i ,  page  1 26. 

atque  etiam  :  Ba.  1092  perditus  sum  a.  etiam  *  eradicatus 
sum  As.  482  supplicium  .  .  .  de  nobis  detur  .?     *  A.  e.  .  ^  . 

poenae  pendentur  mihi.  Verses  480-483  are  bracketed  by 
Ussing,  Gs  and  Gray.         With  imperative:  Ps.   107 S  (read 

from  1070).  __      . 

nee  .  .  .  etiam:  Ba.  670  non  placet  nee  temerest  etiam 

(LULy  temerest :  etiam  f). 

immo  etiam  :  Vi.  83  ('  There  never  was,  there  never  will  be 
a  needier  person  than  you  ').  *  Cave  tu  istuc  dixis  :  immo  e. 
argenti  minam  .  .  .  iam  ego  adferam  ad  te  ('  You  are  quite 
wrono-:  nay,  I'll  go  further  and  lend  you,'  etc.). 

etiam  .  .  .  porro,  porro  etiam  :  As.  875  is  e.  corruptus  porro 
suom  corrumpit  filium  ('he  carries  on  the  process  of  corrup- 
tion bv  spoiling,'  etc.).  Ba.  273  P-  e.  ausculta  pugnam 
'  hear  ;till  further  how  he  fought.'  Chrysalus  has  described 
two  moves  of  Archidemides :  d)  'I  don't  owe  you  any 
money,'  259-260;  (2)  'the  symbolus  is  a  forgery,   266  tl. 


130 


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[1910 


Vol.  xli] 


Notes  071  Etiani  in  Plaiitus 


131 


etiam  ultro:  As.  440  adducit  donuim  (tarpezitam)  etiam  * 
iiltro  .   .   . 

non  modo  (quidem)  verum  (sed)  etiam:  Mo.  390  faciam  n. 
m.  ne  intro  eat  v.  e.  ut  fugiat.  lb.  11 12  non  radicitus  qui- 

dem .  .  .  V.  e.  exradicitus.  lb.  995  non  equidem  in  Aegyptum 
hinc  modo  vectus  fui  sed  e.  in  terras  solas.  Curiously  enough, 
all  the  examples  are  in  one  play. 

7.  quoque  etiam :  {a)  with  noun :  Ep.  234  cani  q.  e.  {i.e.  as 
well  as  clothes)  ademptumst  nomen.  Men.  1160  venibit 
uxor  q.  e.  Mer.  299  oculis  q.  e.  plus  iam  video  (*  my  eyes, 
too,  are  better').  St.  258.  Tni.  731  Thetis  q.  e.  lamen- 
tando  t  lausum  fecit  filio  (L,  Ly,  after  Valla,  read  lamentando 
paiisam  ;  Schoell  gave  laitsam .   see  Arehiv,  iv,  258). 

{b)  With  pronoun  :  Am.  30  ego  q.  e.  Mer.  328  mihi  q.  e. 

Per.  145  me  q.  etiam*  vende  (read  134  ff.).  Am.  753  tu 
q.  e.  Tni.  875  tibi  q.  e.  (Ly).         Ps.  932  te  q.  e.         Am. 

81  hoc  q.  e.  ('this  further  command,'  etc.  Read  from  64). 
Ep.  589  banc  q.  e.  .  .  .  matrem  vocem.  Tra.  94  cum  ea  q.  e. 

Am.  717  Et  te  q.  e.  (salutavi).  Poe.  40  et  hoc  q.  e. 
Per.  744  faciam  .  .  .  te  q.  e.  ipsum  ut  lamenteris. 

Tri.  1048  illis  q.  abrogant  e.  fidem  qui  nil  meriti. 

A}n.  281  eam  q.  edepol  e.  multo  haec  vicit  longitudine. 

8.  etiam  .  .  .  quoque:  {a)  with  noun:  Mo.  mo  immo  e. 
cerebium  q.  omne  .  .  .  emunxti.  Ps.  122  (tange)  vel 
e.  matrem  q. 

{b)  With  pronoun:  Cn.  130  E.  mihi  q.  .  .  .  lubet,  'I,  too, 
have  a  liking.'  Ain.  702  e.  tu  q.  adsentaris  huic  ?  (clumsily 
put  for  '  Do  you,  too,  say  what  she  says  1 ').  As.  502  atque 
e.  tu  q.  ipse.  See  Gray.  Ajn.  461  facta  ero  dicam  meo,  nisi 
e.  is  q.  me  ignorabit. 

(r)    With  adjective :  As.  567  e.  tua  q.  malefacta. 

{d)  With  participle:  Ps.  353  iuravistin  .  .  .  conceptis 
verbis  ?     *  E.  consutis  q. 

9.  In  questions  expressing  astonishment  or  mockery,  with 
the  suggestion  that  the  matter  (remark,  etc.)  which  calls  forth 
the  question  had  added  insult  to  injury  (in  many  cases  an  in- 
sulting epithet,  added  to  the  question,  shows  the  speaker's 
sense  of  wrong  done  to  him)  :  Am.  376  :  A,  i,  <i.        Men.  499 


1 


E.  derides,  quasi  nomen  non  gnoveris  }  (read  from  486).  Mo. 
1 1 32  verbero,  e.  inrides  .^  Mer.  763  numquam  dixi.  ^  E. 
negas.?  An.  424  quae  res  .'^  e.  rogitas  ?  (read  from  406). 
lb.  437  e.  rogitas  ?  sceleste  homo,  quine  ...  lb.  633  ver- 
berabilissume,  e.  rogitas  }     Read  from  628. 

Men.  710  e.  .  .  .  ,  inpudens,  muttire  .  .  .  audes  }  ('in  addition 
to  wronging  me  do  you  dare  } '  For  the  wrongs,  see  704-709. 
The  matrona  remembers  the  long  scene  with  her  husband, 
605  ff.).  Ba.  127  (109-126  say,  'I  don't  like  these  outra- 
geous preparations  ').  *  Mihi  paratumst  quoi  placet.  ^  E.  me 
advorsus  exordire  argutias  .!*  Ba.  785  ¥.go  nullum  faciam 
verbum.  *  E.,  carnufex,  minitare  ?  (Threats  here  crown 
trickery  :    read    from    770).  Am.    1025    quid    nunc    vis  } 

^Sceleste,  at  e.  .  .  .  me   rogas  .'^      Read    from    10 19.         lb. 
1029:  A,  I,  (7,  end,  page  119. 

Cas.  997  Feci  ego  istaec  .  .  . .?  ^  Rogitas  e. .?  Am.  571 
Quid  mali  sum  .  .  .  promeritus  ?  ^  Rogasne,  improbe,  e.  qui 
ludos  facis  me.?  572  well  shows  how  Plautus  felt  571  (and 
similar  questions),  for  there  Sosia  replies,  Merito  maledi- 
cas  mi,  si  non  id  ita  factumst.     Verum   baud   mentior,  etc. 

Cf.  585. 

As.  677  Furcifer,  e.  me  delusisti.?  Read  from  655  ff. 
Leonidas  has  made  both  his  master  and  the  latter's  mistress 
degrade  themselves  in  hope  of  a  certain  reward  ;  then  he 
failed  to  give  the  reward. 

C.  Etiam  ='2ig^m'\  p.  116:  i.  Mi.  1339  e.  n.  saluto  te, 
Lar  .  .  .  priusquam  eo.  Probably  she  had  saluted  the  Lar 
within  the  house ;  the  plays  at  times  oblige  us  to  postulate 
action  off  the  stage.  Brix  translates  by  '  noch  einmal.' 
T7'i.  991  at  e.  maledicis  ?  Read  925-990  ^or  the  sycophanta's 
insults  and  threats  to  Charmides,  whose  identity  he  has 
knowm  for  some  time. 

Cas.  806  t  Quid  si  etiam  si  occentem  hymenaeum  .  .  .  ? 
A  doubtful  passage.  etiam  (A),  however,  seems  sound. 
Olympio  had  sounded  the  hymenaeus  in  798-800. 

Cap.  563  at  e.,  furcifer,  male  loqui  mi  audes  ?  547-5 50  and 
561-563  give  rise  to  two  outbursts  by  Aristophontes :   551, 


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Vol.  xli] 


Notes  on  Etiam  in  Plautus 


133 


563.  Per.  290  e.  scelus,  male  loquere?  Cf.  this  with  279, 
and  280  ff.  with  278  b.  Tru.  621  e.,  scelus  viri,  minitare  ? 

For  Cuamus'  abuse  of  Stratophanes  see  593-594.  59^.  600- 
602,  613,  620.     Cf.  621  with  604-605. 

Akin  are  Mo.  377  Quid  illi  reditio  e.  hue  t  (vide  Brix  U). 
The  noun  reditio  helps  to  give  etiam  its  sense.  Cf.  the  dis- 
cussion of  Ps.  1028,  above  (p.  124),  under  A,  5,  c.  An.  326 
me  vituperas  ^  fur.  ^  E.  fur,  trif urcifer  (*  Fur,  e.  fur,  tri- 
furcifer  Rg). 

Composite  examples  are:  Am.  369.  Tru.  %?>6\  A,  i,  a. 
Am.  376:  A,  I,  d\  B  9.  Per.  ^27  :  A,  i,  d.  Mi.  1424: 
A,  I,  d. 

etiam  (.  .  .)  denuo  :  Ba.  923  lubet  e.  mi  has  perlegere  d. 
Am.  394  Amphitruonis  ego  sum  servos  Sosia.  ^  E.  d.  (dicis).'^ 
Sosio    had    made    this    claim    before,    especially    in    361    ff., 

363  ff. 

2.  With  imperative:   Cn.  612  redde  etiam*  argentum  aut 

virginem  (the  first  demand  was  made  in  effect  at  610.  redde 
helps  to  give  the  iterative  sense,  as  reditio  does  in  Mo.  377 
above,  I ).  JA?.  472-474  circumspicedum  .  .  .  circumspice  e. 
Mi.  1373  Bene  vale  igitur  .  .  .  E.  nunc  vale  {etiam  and  nune 
are  divorced.  Cf.  Mi.  1339,  above,  i).  Mer.  324  Vide  sis 
modo  e.   ^Visumst.  Mer.   1013    Scio.      ^.  .  .  Id,   quaeso, 

hercle  e.  vide. 

An.  55.  Men.  158.  Am.  1082:  A,  i,  e.  Similar  is  Mi. 
141 8  verberetur  e. :  A,  \,  b. 

3.  etiam  atque  etiam  :  Tri.  674  te  moneo  hoc  e.  a.  e.  ut 
reputes.  Note  the  prefix  of  the  verb.  An.  614  vide,  Fides, 
e.  a.  e.  nunc  .  .  .     See  608. 

4.  In  questions,  when  a  question  (or  command)  is  repeated, 
in  the  same  or  equivalent  terms,  etiam  adds  the  renewed 
asking  (or  command)  to  the  previous  inquiries  (commands), 
and  the  translation  is  '  Again  I  ask,  is  .  .  .  .-^ ',  or  *  Again  I 
say,'  plus  an  imperative.  The  speaker  is  impatient  or  angry  ; 
an  opprobrious  epithet  often  shows  his  mood.  Over  against 
such  questions  we  may  set  affirmations  with  inqnam  (paren- 
thetical). Cf.  especially  Mo.  383  e.  vigilas  .'^  This  repeats 
sjiseita  istnm,  372,  vigila,  373,  vigila,  374,  snscita,  382.     So, 


in  affirmations, /^I'/'^r /;/<7//^7;;/  aderit^  383,  Y:Q,'^Q2its  pater  advenity 
T^yGy  pater  .  .   .  offe?idet,  378. 

(a)  Repeating  a  question,  'again  I  ask,'  is  (are,  do)  .  .  .  } 
Rn.  467  etiamne  banc  urnam  acceptura's  .'^  (cf.  463,  465,  479- 
481).  lb.  4696.  acceptura's  urnam  banc  .'^  An.  255  e. 

mihi  despondes  filiam  .^  (cf.  219,  237,  241).  Per.  542  e.  tu 
illam  destinas.^  (cf.  493,  494,  528,  532,  538,  all  suggesting  the 
sale).  Per.  277  e.  dicis  .  .  .  ,  venefice .?  Cf.  the  earlier 
part    of    the    verse.  Ba.   670    e.    quid    mihi    respondetis } 

Chrysalus  had  twice  asked  for  information  in  668-669. 
Correct  Ly's  text :  non  placet  nee  temerest  etiam  :  quin  mihi 
respondetis.  A  gives  qnid,  not  quin.  I  fail  to  see  how  L  and 
Ly  construe  (see  their  notes  and  U).  Ba.  1167  etiam* 
redditis  .  .  .  filios  et  servom  }  Nicobulus  had  asked  for  his  son 
at  1 145  ff.  Mo.  272  etiamne  unguentis  unguendam  censes  } 

(note  her  requests  in  257-261). 

Cas.  728,  Mo.  552,  Cap.  556,  Am.  381,  Mo.  851,  Cas.  749: 
A,  \,  d. 

{b)  Repeating  a  command,  *  again  I  say,'  with  imperative. 
Poe.  431  etiamne  abis  .^  (cf.  /  or  abi  in  424,  426,  428,  429, 
430  bis).  Men.  697  mane,  redi.  Etiamne  astas  .?  e.  audes 
.  .  .  revorti  .  .  .  .^  Mo.  938  Pergam  pultare  ostium. 
.  .  .  ^  Etiamne  aperis  t  See  899  ff.,  988.  Cn.  189  e.  disperti- 
mini.^     Cf.  181-183,  185.  (T^j-.  977  etiamne  im us  cubitum  .? 

(cf.  965).         Mo.  885  b.  mane  tu  atque  adsiste   ilico.  .  .  . 

E.  respicis  } 

Per.  275  scelerate,  e.  respicis.^  (cf.  asta  273,  and  271-272). 
Cu.  41  Obloquere.  ^  Fiat.  '  E.  taces.  Obloquere  is  indica- 
tive, calling  for  silence,  and  so  =  tace.  The  slave  perversely 
interprets  it  as  imperative.  Per.  152  e.  tu  taces  .?  (Faciam 
equidem   quae  vis,    147,  virtually  =  tace).  Tri.   514  e.  tu 

taces  .=^  (cf.  abin  hinc  dierecte,  457,  oculum  .  .  .  ecfodiam 
...  si  verbum  addideris,  463).  Per.  413  accipin  argen- 
tum .?  .  .  .  e.  tu  argentum  tenes  t  Mo.  383  :  above,  under  3, 
at  beginning.  lb.  741  (U  aliter  -v/r). 

D.    Etiam  with  intensive  force,  'even.'     See  page  116. 
I.  With  noun:  Ba.   214  E.   Epidicum  .  .  .  invitus  specto, 


134 


Cha7'lcs  K7iapp 


[1910 


si  agit  Pellio.  As.  540  e.  opilio  .  .  .  aliquam  (ovem)  habet 
peculiarem.  Ps.  628  ('  Why,  I  look  after  Ballio's  ac- 
counts').  ^  Si  quidem  hercle  e.  supremi  promptas  thensau- 
ros  lovis,  tibi  .  .  .  nunquam  credam.  JMir,  538  e.  cum 
uxore  non  cubet  ?  lb.  732  immo  etiam*  scio.  Tri.  934: 
B  I. 

2.  With  adjective  =  noun :  Cap.  137  foris  aliquantillum  e. 
quod  gusto  id  beat.  Ly  translates  by  '  the  merest  morsel ' ; 
Elmer  and  Morris  are  silent.  [Temporal:  K.  27.]  Am. 
610  uno  te  plus  etiamst  quam  volo.  Ps.  1328  aut  dimidium 
aut  plus  e.  faxo  hinc  feres. 

Ba.  321  e.  dimidium  censes .''  The  sense  is,  'He  has  not 
brought  even  half,  then  ? '  lb.  397  ('  It's  better  to  be  called 
impndiosiis  than  ingratiis')'.  ilium  laudabunt  boni,  hunc  e. 
ipsi  culpabunt  mali  (cf.  417).  Rn.  504  perdidi  e.  plus  boni 
quam  mihi  fuit.  lb.  960  dimidium  volo  ut  dicas.     ^  Immo 

hercle  e.  plus  (Seyffert  amplius  P  Rs). 

Atque  etiam  amplius :  Cap.  jjj  tantum  affero  quantum  ipse 
a  divis  optat  a.  e.  amplius.  Tfi.  248  :  page  117.  (Versum 
seclus.  Buecheler  Rs  U). 

3.  With  adjective :  An.  565  exta  inspicere  in  sole  etiam* 
vivo  licet  (U).  Cas.  74  maioreque  opere  ibi  serviles  nup- 
tiae  quam  libei*ales  e.  curari  solent  (join  ctiaui  with  rnaiorc,  in 
spite  of  the  word  order.  The  tw^o  verses  make  one  compact 
whole).         Per.  552:  page  117. 

4.  With  pronoun  :  Mi.  572  e.  illud  quod  scies  nesciveris 
.  .  .  (cf.  566).  Ba.  417  sese  e.  ipse  oderit.  Read  405- 
416;  cf.  397.  [Additory  :  K  31.]  An.  530  e.  ipsus  ultro 
debet  argentario  (versum  seclus.  Ca  Rg  U).  Tru.  112  e. 
ultro  ipsi  aggerunt  ad  nos.          Ba.  791  nescio  e.  id  quod  scio. 

Mi.  566  si  .  .  .  muttivero  e.  quod  .  .  .  sciam,  dato  excru- 
ciandum  me  (cf.  572).  Ru.  382  e.  qui  it  lavatum  .  .  . 
tamen  surripiuntur,  *  even  the  watchful  bather  loses  his 
clothes.'  Frag,  i,  27  (ex  Gell.  in,  3,  5)  nunc  e.  quod  (quom) 
est  ('even  when  one  has  something  to  eat'),  non  estur  {nunc 
and  etiam  are  wholly  divorced). 

5.  With  adverb:  Men.  791  e.  faxo  amabit  amplius.  lb. 
320  (R)  an  etiam*  opsono  amplius }         Cap.  290  immo  edepol 


Vol.  xli] 


Notes  on  Etiam  in  Plan  tits 


135 


pertinax :  quin  e.  ut  magis  noscas  .  .  .  [Temporal:  K  40,  29.] 
Poe.  188  Placet  consiUum.  ^  Immo  e.  ubi  expolivero  magis 
hoc  tum  demum  dices  ...  Z^^.  324  Immo  vin  e.  te  faciam 

ex  laeto  laetantem  magis.?  Cap.  150  tibi  ille  unicust,  mi  e. 

unico  magis  unicus.  Tr/.  910  Devoravi  nomen  .  .  .  atque 

e.  modo  ('and  yet  even  a  second  ago')  vorsabatur  mihi  in 
labris  primoribus.  Tru.  898  Merito  ecastor  tibi  suscenset. 

*  .  .  .  etiam*  parum  male  volo.  Pe7\  356  e.  tum  vivit 
quom  esse  credas  mortuam.  Ba.  221  eo(=  argento)  for- 
tasse  iam  opust.  %  Immo  e.  prius,  nam  iam  hue  adveniet 
miles. 

In  Mi.  1014  Bo  and  R  read  etia7n  sic,  wrongly,  after  P. 

As.   41    etiam  amplius:    A,    i,  a.  Mo.  299,   ib.    827: 

A,  I,  e. 

6.  With  verb:  Cap.  561  At  e.  te  suom  sodalem  esse  aibat. 
[Additory:  K  31.]  Mo.  423  (die  me)  facturum  ut  ne  e. 
aspicere  aedis  audeat.         Mer.  1002  quin  loris  caedite  e. 

Men.  691  utere  .  .  .  vel  e.  in  loculos  compingite.  [Addi- 
tory :  K  31.]  Cap.  455  at  e.  dubitavi  .  .  .  emerem.  .  .  . 
Mr.  Kirk  (32)  thought  etiam  here  additory  and  untranslata- 
ble. I  fail  to  see  the  possibihty  of  additory  force.  There  is 
no  note  in  Ly,  Elmer,  or  Morris.  Am.  814  Haeret  haec  res, 
si  quidem  etiam  *  (Rgl)  mulier  factast  ex  viro.  But  the  Mss. 
reading,  si  quidem  haec  iam  mulier  factast  ex  viro,  should  be 
retained.  Tri.  1039  ('bad  manners  have  the  laws  under 
control'):  eae  (=  leges)  misere  e.  ad  parietem  sunt  fixae 
clavis  ferreis. 

With  supine :  A7n.  587  nunc  venis  e.  ultro  inrisum  domi- 

num. 

7.  With  clause:  (a)  Poe.  570  Quin  e.  deciderint  vobis 
femina  in  talos  velim,  'I'd  be  wiUing  even  to  have  your 
thighs,'  etc.  Ru.  817  e.  me  abire  hinc  non  sinent .?  'will 
they  even  prevent  my  departure  V 

Cap.  255-256  vix  cavet  quom  e.  cavet :  e.  quom  cavisse 
ratus  est  .  .  .  captus  est.  [Additory  and  untranslatable: 
K.  32.]  See  Morris.  Ru.  1124  vidi  petere  miluom  e. 
quom  nihil  auferret  tamen  (vide  Rs).  Mr.  Kirk  (31)  took  it  as 
additory.     Sonnenschein  is  better. 


136 


Charles  Kiiapp 


[1910 


Vol.  xli] 


Notes  on  Etiam  in  Plaiitns 


137 


(Jf)  etiam  si  (cf.  Kriege,  De  ennntiatis  concessivis  apiid 
Plautnm  et  Terentinm,  18):  Cas.  93  quin  edepol  e.  si  in  cru- 
cem  vis  pergere  sequi  decretumst.  The  Teubner  text  wrongly 
sets  a  comma  after  etiam,  Ep.  518  immo  e.  si  alterum  tan- 
tum  perdundumst,  perdam  .  .  .  (versum  omis.  A  Rg  Sg  L  U, 
non  Ly).  Mer.  595  (U)  tamen  e.  si  (U  vide  -v/r)  podagrosis 
pedibus  esset  .  .  .  iam  a  portii  redis^se  potuit.  In  Tri.  474  P 
gives  At  pal  ego^  ctiamsi  vetet.      But  A  yields  etsi  votet :  so 

Sg,  Ly. 

8.  In  questions,  where  it  seems  translatable  only  by 
'actually'  or  the  like :  ^  Poe.  271  audes  e.  servos  spernere, 
propudium  ?  Rn.  982  ausu's  e.  comparare  vidulum  cum 
piscibus  ?  Poe.  1234  e.  me  meae  latrant  canes?  'What, 
are,'  etc.  Ifer.gSi  (Eutychus  and  Lysimachus  are  scold- 
ing Demipho.  Demipho  replies,  981.  Then  Eutychus  says) 
E.  loquere,  larva  ?  This  question  has  not  been  previously 
asked.  Mer.  983:  identical  with  981,  but  said  by  Lysi- 
machus. RiL  71 1  at  e.  minitatur  audax  ?  The  scene  begins 
at  706  ;  Labrax  had  spoken  only  once,  threateningly,  710,  but 
there  had  been  much  excitement  in  the  temple.  Ba.  910 
(read  from  906  :  '  I  want  to  reproach  your  son.'  ^  '  Spare  no 
words').  *  E.  me  mones  .'^  Pn.  733  vi  mecum  agis.  ^  E. 
t  vim  proportas,  flagiti  fiagrantia  .^^  Bu.  331  istic  Theoti- 
mus  divesnest  ?  This  question  has  not  been  asked  before,  but 
the  compliments  in  307,  309,  justify  the  next  words  :  ^  E. 
A/er.  202  visum  est  tibi  credere   id  ?     ^  E.  ro«:as  ? 


rogas 


Cn.  191  Quid  ais,  propudium.^  tun  e.  .  .  .  odium  me  vocas  .^ 
*  do  vou  dare  call  .  .   .?* 

In  some  questions  etia^n  seems  without  appreciable  force  : 
As.  714  e.  tu,  ere,  istunc  amoves  abs  te  .-*  (=  quin  tu  amoves  ?). 
Tri.  790  Nonne  arbitraris  tum  adulescentem  anuli  paterni 
signum  nosse  }  ^?  E.  tu  taces  There  is  here  no  backward 
reference  of  the  type  seen  above,  D,  4,  /?,  for  there  has  been 
no  command  taee  in  the  scene,  which  begins  at  729. 

Similar,  in  a  statement,  is  As.  871  ego  censeo  f  eum 
etiam  hominem  in  senatu  dare  operam  (f  ego  censeo : 
etiam  .  .  . !  Ly). 

1  Cf.  Loch,  Zum  Gehrauch  ties  Tmperativs  hei  Plaufus,  24. 


E.  Etiam,  with  affirmative  force:  p.  117  (see  Samuelson, 
Era7ios,  IV,  7):  A?n.  544:  p.  117.  ^>^'^-  3i6  Nihilne  attulistis 
inde   auri   domum  .?     ^  Immo   etiam.  Mer.    816:    p.    117. 

Mo.  1000  Numquid  processit  ad  forum  .  .  .  novi .?  ^  Etiam. 
Poe.  406  atque  audin  }  ^  Etiam  (aliter  L  U).  Here,  as  in 
the  other  cases,  the  temporal  force  is  still  apparent. 


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